In Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study of the effect that teacher expectations had on the performance of selected elementary school students, the changes in student intellectual performance were attributed to the
◦ way that the teachers behaved toward the special students.
◦ ability of the psychological tests to predict who the "academic spurters" were likely to be.
◦ support that was given to the special students by their peers.
◦ removal of the "normal" students from the classroom.