A group of rats was exposed to the uncontrollable stress associated with being forced to swim for 15 minutes in cold water from which they cannot escape. What did researchers notice when they observed these animals?
a. Most rats were immune to the effects of the stress.
b. The rats' depression was reduced by the high level of physical activity.
c. The stress caused a form of brain damage that first led to motor retardation and then death.
d. The rats that exhibited symptoms similar to depression had altered neurotransmitter levels.
Question 2
Some clinicians have argued that mental disorders cannot be studied using laboratory animals as subjects, because
a. studies of depression should only be done in natural settings, and very few of those exist.
b. cognitive symptoms cannot be measured in animals.
c. animals do not express emotions similar to depression.
d. the brains of animals are too different from homo sapiens.
Soil profile exposed in a boreal forest site, showing LFH, A, B, and C horizons.
Swim bladder of a Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)
Students working in a group
Heat Stress and Wind Chill: Indices of Human Discomfort
Stress and the Common Cold
Group Performance