Answer to Question 1
He proposed an ABC model whereby A, an activating event such as receiving a poor exam grade, is interpreted through B, one's beliefs, leading to emotional and behavioral consequences, C.. If B is irrational, then a student who receives a poor exam grade is likely to have an exaggerated emotional response to A such as depression, shame, anger, or anxiety that is out of proportion to the event. In other words, the student will catastrophize and see the event as having catastrophic meaning.
Answer to Question 2
Park (2005, p. 721) concluded from her cross-sectional study of 169 bereaved college students that religion was related to meaning-making coping, as reflected in positive reappraisal coping, and to adjustment in terms of subjective well-being and stress-related growth. Further, the association of religion with these adjustment outcomes was mediated by positive reappraisal coping.. In other words, religion seemed to produce its positive subjective well-being and stress-related growth effects primarily through engendering a type of meaning-making coping called positive reappraisal coping. Along with meaning-making coping, other traditional general types of coping such as seeking social support and emotion-focused coping may also overlap with religious-based coping methods.
Abundant cave art after about 30,000 years ago is evidence of the importance of symbolic behavior fo
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