Answer to Question 1
Jones (1997, p. 17) makes the case that African Americans are unique among United States minorities in that their history includes the forced passage from Africa to America; slavery; legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination based on skin color; rigid caste-like category boundaries for racial identification; and persistent lower-class status relative to whites and other immigrant groups.. African Americans have also been very salient in being in the forefront of many political and judicial battles for civil rights for minorities. As such, Jones observes that prejudice toward blacks by whites is more crystallized and pronounced than toward other minorities.
Answer to Question 2
Perceived racism captures the appraisal of exposure to subtle racism, such as microstressors that cannot be adequately measured through objective measures of racism.
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