Answer to Question 1
Have you ever noticed how a fly gets trapped in a window as it tries repeatedly to move through the glass barrier? It fails to escape because it can see only one solution, which it tries over and over and over again. Unfortunately, for many people who lack psychological flexibility, failed solutions are applied repeatedly in spite of their proven ineffectiveness. Individuals with high neuroticism often have distorted reasoning and impaired decision-making processes that hinder their ability to access or use appropriate coping strategies. When they become aware that their issues and problems reoccur, rather than try new solutions, they view these repeated patterns as validating their sense of helplessness and pessimism. For example, a person might recognize that difficulties with relationships often happen to him, but his cognitions convey helplessness and despair when he thinks that he is just cursed instead of thinking, maybe I ought to try a different approach..
Answer to Question 2
Eysenck, a contemporary of Cattell, also employed factor analysis, although he disagreed with Cattell's use of correlated factors and preferred instead to use uncorrelated factors to map the personality. As a result, he employed a statistical technique of rotating his factors so that they were highly independent (sometimes called orthogonal) of each other. In doing so, he found substantially fewer factors. Instead of 16 correlated factors, he discovered three superfactors that are referred to as the Big Three supertraits or personality types.
The three supertraits in Eysenck's model are Psychoticism, Extraversion-Introversion, and Neuroticism. Together they are referred to as Eysenck's PEN (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) model. Eysenck discovered that his first superfactor has trait characteristics that overlap with traits exhibited by individuals who are psychotic or who exhibit anti-social behavior, so he named it psychoticism. This was an unfortunate choice of a label since it unintentionally implies that all people who score high on the supertrait of psychoticism have a clinical psychosis (i.e., impaired reality testing combined with other clinical features), which is usually not the case.
Examples of sensory receptors in the skin of mammals.
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Answer
Examples of mimicry.