Answer to Question 1
Perhaps the most basic model is the biological predisposition model. This model stipulates that genetic or constitutional (i.e., general biological makeup) factors influence a person's physiological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive response to stress. A person with biological vulnerabilities is more likely to develop impaired health in response to stress, but personality plays no causal role. Personality is simply a reflection of underlying biological predispositions or temperaments. Thus, in biological predisposition models, how a person responds to stress is largely biologically determined.
Answer to Question 2
There is evidence to suggest that high internal locus of control is protective against MI, other negative health outcomes and behaviors, and cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality. Support for SOC protecting against cancer mortality and all-cause mortality was also found. Though many studies indicate that hardiness buffers stress reactions against illness, the effects observed are mainly specific to men and they may be due to low neuroticism rather than to additional protection that hardiness is alleged to confer.
A Mental Model of the Craftsman Experiment
A Model of Surface Dyslexia
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude Change
The Malthusian Model
DNA double helix model