Answer to Question 1
According to Rotter's social learning theory, over time we develop generalized expectancies about our actions and the reinforcements that follow them, which are referred to as locus of control. When we have an internal locus of control we generally expect that our actions will lead to predictable outcomes and reinforcements. However, when we have an external locus of control we expect that reinforcements and other outcomes will be influenced by outside forces such as luck, fate, coincidence, powerful others, and so forth.
Answer to Question 2
Dembroski's group found that anger-in, an anger expression style associated with anger suppression that they described as an unwillingness in a variety of circumstances to express frustration-induced hostility and/or anger overtly, was positively associated with severity of angina symptoms and frequency of myocardial infarctions. Corroborating evidence was also found for suppressed anger as a health risk factor for coronary heart disease in a number of other studies---moderate anger expression was indicated as optimal.
In some species, dominant females have more surviving offspring that mature earlier indicating an ad
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