Answer to Question 1
Redford Williams and his associates were among the first to seriously explore hostility as a toxic core component. Using a subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory designed to measure hostility called the Cook-Medley Scale, they reported a finding that scores on this scale were more robust predictors of coronary atherosclerosis than Type A . A few years later Schekelle, Gale, Ostfeld, and Oglesby published findings of a much larger prospective study, the Western Electric Study, that stated that high hostility (top 20) as measured by the Cook-Medley Scale was related to a 42 greater risk of death than low hostility (bottom 20).
Answer to Question 2
The most favorable pattern for intimate partner relationship satisfaction was low neuroticism combined with high levels of the Big Five traits of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. There were no differences found between men and women or between married and non-married participants in their study. Even though the effect sizes found by Malouff and his associates were modest (in the range of small to medium) and causality could not be determined from the study, the authors speculated that high neuroticism probably leads to more partner criticisms and to defensiveness that would then contribute to relationship dissatisfaction.
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A comparison of a trait (height) that shows discontinuous and continuous phenotypes in different pla