Answer to Question 1
Lazarus and Folkman proposed a three-process cognitive model of stress and coping consisting of what they labeled primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal. Reappraisal occurs when a person may change the meaning of the event to reduce stress reactions. For instance, the cave-dweller (from the example of the cave-dweller and saber-tooth tiger) may evaluate the situation with the tiger as less dangerous than previously thought after throwing the rock at the tiger and seeing it flee. This reappraisal process helps the cave-dweller manage subsequent stress reactions and return to homeostasis.
Answer to Question 2
The secondary appraisal process involves assessing how well we can deal or cope with a given situation. Coping refers to the effective use of resources and strategies to deal with internal or external demands. Part of the coping assessment process involves estimating the degree of control we have over the stressor. As you might assume, the less control we perceive we have over the stressor, the more stressful we perceive the event to be.
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