These approaches are based in the ideas and actions of people who ...

[j.rubin]

These approaches are based in the ideas and actions of people who have direct experience with a community problem.
 
  a. top-down
  b. bottom-up
  c. a preventive perspective
  d. all of the above

Question 2

Ryan's critique of victim-blaming can also be considered a criticism of:
 
  a. top-down approaches to social change.
  b. bottom-up approaches to social change.
  c. both a' and b'
  d. the empowerment perspective.

[aadams68]

Answer to Question 1

b

Answer to Question 2

a

[j.rubin]

Thanks for the timely response, appreciate it

[smrtceo]

Great answer, keep it coming