Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
These contradictions are reflected in Peter Glick and Susan Fiske's (2001, 2012)
concept of ambivalent sexism. Ambivalent sexism consists of two elements: hostile
sexism, characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, value, and
challenge to men's power (e.g., Women seek special favors under the guise of
equality), and benevolent sexism, characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings
founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection
(e.g., Women should be cherished and protected by men). Benevolent sexism, on the
surface, does not strike many women or men as terribly troubling, but the two forms of
sexism are positively correlated. Benevolent sexism is associated in particular with
negative reactions toward women who defy traditional gender roles and stereotypes.
Both types of sexism are associated with supporting gender inequality in a variety of
ways, and both predict many kinds of discriminatory behaviors and negative
consequences (Duran et al., 2011 Maser et al., 2010 Rudman & Fetter of, 2014). For
example, Allison Skinner and others (2015) found that, depending on the context, hostile
and benevolent sexism each predicted more negative judgments of the driver in an
accident if the driver was said to be a woman rather than a man. Kristen Salomon and
colleagues (2015) found that being the target of either type of sexism triggered
negative cardiovascular responses in the women in their study.
Parasitic members of the supergroup Excavata.
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