Answer to Question 1
A
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A proxy variable is a measurable variable that stands in place of the variable of interest. The variable of interest is sometimes impractical to measure because of technical difficulty, excessive expense, ambiguity, abstraction, or multiple facets. In the case of patient outcome, the concept has too many facets to allow a practical enquiry. Length of hospital stay is often chosen when rapidity of response to the pre-morbid state is the study's principal focus. Eligibility for Medicare, staffing ratios, and falls risk are not outcomes: they are, according to Donabedian's framework, structures of care
Answer to Question 2
B
Measuring Patient Height
The liver in this photograph was from a deceased patient with an advanced state of cirrhosis.
Apply direct pressure to the patient’s wound.
Algorithm for assessing a patient at risk for suicide.
Examples of endocrine disorders. (D) A patient with gigantism.
The relationship of substrate con- version (as measured by optical density) to the amount of patient ...