Answer to Question 1
Negative reinforcement and punishment are similar in that they both involve aversive stimuli. However, for negative reinforcement, the aversive stimulus is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, and for punishment, the aversive stimulus follows the occurrence of problem behavior. In addition, negative reinforcement produces an increase in the future occurrence of the target behavior, whereas punishment produces a decrease in the future occurrence of the target behavior.
Answer to Question 2
Answer should include: Three situations include when a planned reversal is not desired or possible, limited resources preclude a full-scale multiple baseline design, and a new behavior, setting, or subject appropriate for a multiple baseline analysis becomes available.
Gram Postive & Gram Negative Bacteria
Nonverbal communications convey strong, powerful messages that may be negative or positive.
Negative reading oxygen sensor voltage can be caused by several problems.
Positive and negative selection during T-cell development.
The cell wall of a Gram-negative bacterium, E. coli
Negative reciprocal