Pseudoscientific beliefs are characterized by all of the ...

[nummyann]

Pseudoscientific beliefs are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
 
  a. making statements that can not be refuted.
  b. failing to attempt to verify or refute claims and beliefs.
  c. supporting claims with testimonials.
  d. having a set of claims and beliefs that have accumulated over time and that changes over time.
  e. making use of scientific sounding language to lend respectability to the claims and beliefs.

Question 2

Discuss cause-effect relations in regard to survey or existing statistical methods.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

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Answer to Question 1

D

Answer to Question 2

One needs to demonstrate time order, and control for alternative explanations by measuring any variables that might indicate an alternative explanation. Using control variables and logically arguing that alternatives are unlikely, a researcher can say that

an association among variables supports a causal relationship and is not spurious.