Answer to Question 1
A
The main adverse effect of insulin is the lowering of blood glucose levels below normal (hypoglycemia). This response, also called insulin shock, is dangerous because brain cells are very sensitive to low blood glucose levels and the patient can become nonresponsive very quickly. If the problem is not corrected immediately, the patient can die or have irreversible brain damage.
Answer to Question 2
D
The main problem of type 1 diabetes is that the person can no longer make insulin. Without insulin, the patient's blood glucose level becomes very high, but glucose cannot enter many cells. Patients who have type 1 diabetes must use insulin daily for the rest of their lives or receive a pancreas transplant. With type 2 diabetes, the person still has beta cells that make some insulin. In fact, some people who have type 2 diabetes have normal levels of insulin; however, the insulin receptors are not very sensitive to insulin. As a result, insulin does not bind as tightly to its receptors as it should and less glucose moves from the blood into the cells.
The use of bacteria to make human insulin
The isolation of insulin by Banting, Best, McLeod, and Collip.
Nephrolithiasis. Stones, or calculi, may form in several areas within the urinary tract. When they f
Schematic depiction of the hydrophobic effect
Insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose
Post-translational modification of proteins, such as insulin