What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect?
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Z that caused a change in variable
Y.
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Z.◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Y that caused a change in variable
X. ◦ It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable
X causes a change in variable
Y, and a change in variable
Y causes a change in variable
X.
Doppler effect
How to solve a distance, time, speed problem using linear algebra
effect of pH on ionization and charges of amines and carboxylic acid
The predicted solution to the problem posed
Greenhouse effect.
General strategies of forward and reverse genetics