What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect?
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Z that caused a change in variable
Y.
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Z.◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Y that caused a change in variable
X. ◦ It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable
X causes a change in variable
Y, and a change in variable
Y causes a change in variable
X.
Effect of stimulus type on graded potentials.
Sociologists disagree about the relative significance of race and social class in determining social ...
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