What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect?
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Z that caused a change in variable
Y.
◦ It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Z.◦ It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable
X caused a change in variable
Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable
Y that caused a change in variable
X. ◦ It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable
X causes a change in variable
Y, and a change in variable
Y causes a change in variable
X.
Sequential decline of whale catches in the Antarctic shows the strong effect of human predators.
Reverse Faults
Pendulum Problem
The Doppler Effect
Problem
Gravitational Potential Energy for the Earth problem