Question 1
Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?
◦ Urine sodium >30 mEq/L
◦ Urine osmolality >500 mOsm
◦ Fractional excretion of sodium (FE
Na) <1%
◦ Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts
Question 2
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
◦ Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
◦ When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
◦ Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
◦ Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.
Right Sided Heart Failure
Renal System
Heart Failure Left side
Renal blood vessels and the pathway of blood through the renal system.
Drugs in the Treatment of Heart Failure
Insulin Preparations