Question 1
Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?
◦ Urine sodium >30 mEq/L
◦ Urine osmolality >500 mOsm
◦ Fractional excretion of sodium (FE
Na) <1%
◦ Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts
Question 2
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
◦ Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
◦ When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
◦ Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
◦ Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.
Response of a yeast cell to glucose
Insulin rotation sites
Steps in acute inflammation.
The antagonistic actions of insulin and
Incidence of acute hepatitis B in the United States, 1980–2008.
Insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose.