The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli ...

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The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli necessary but not sufficient for pain is known as
 
  a. perception.
  b. nociception.
  c. transduction.
  d. transmission.

Question 2

An older patient is starting a new medication that is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Which is the best assessment to monitor the patient's ability to tolerate the medication?
 
  a. Liver function tests
  b. Drug side effects experienced by the patient
  c. Kidney function tests
  d. Therapeutic drug levels

[mjenn52]

Answer to Question 1

B
Nociception represents the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli necessary, but not sufficient, for pain. Transduction refers to mechanical (e.g., surgical incision), thermal (e.g., burn), or chemical (e.g., toxic substance) stimuli that damage tissues. As a result of transduction, an action potential is produced and is transmitted by nociceptive nerve fibers in the spinal cord that reach higher centers of the brain. This is called transmission, and it represents the second process of nociception. Pain sensation transmitted by the NS pathway reaches the thalamus, and the pain sensation transmitted by the PS pathway reaches brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus. These parts of the CNS contribute to the initial perception of pain.

Answer to Question 2

B
Adverse drug effects and medication interactions may be related to pharmacokinetics or the manner in which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes a drug. The aging process is associated with changes in gastric acid secretion, which can alter ionization or solubility of a drug and hence its absorption. Medication distribution depends on body composition and on physiochemical drug properties. With advancing age, a patient's fat content increases, lean body mass decreases, and total body water decreases, which can alter drug disposition.

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Thank you

[mjenn52]

Happy to help you