Answer to Question 1
B
Nociception represents the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli necessary, but not sufficient, for pain. Transduction refers to mechanical (e.g., surgical incision), thermal (e.g., burn), or chemical (e.g., toxic substance) stimuli that damage tissues. As a result of transduction, an action potential is produced and is transmitted by nociceptive nerve fibers in the spinal cord that reach higher centers of the brain. This is called transmission, and it represents the second process of nociception. Pain sensation transmitted by the NS pathway reaches the thalamus, and the pain sensation transmitted by the PS pathway reaches brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus. These parts of the CNS contribute to the initial perception of pain.
Answer to Question 2
B
Adverse drug effects and medication interactions may be related to pharmacokinetics or the manner in which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes a drug. The aging process is associated with changes in gastric acid secretion, which can alter ionization or solubility of a drug and hence its absorption. Medication distribution depends on body composition and on physiochemical drug properties. With advancing age, a patient's fat content increases, lean body mass decreases, and total body water decreases, which can alter drug disposition.
There are several laws of thermodynamics critical to understanding physical processes. Two of those
Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill.
Human embryonic stem cells forming rosettes, a sign of neural differentiation
Sensory Processing
Processing—Mineral Resources
A summary of the major processes in information restructuring of DNA