Answer to Question 1
A
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A proxy variable is a measurable variable that stands in place of the variable of interest. The variable of interest is sometimes impractical to measure because of technical difficulty, excessive expense, ambiguity, abstraction, or multiple facets. In the case of patient outcome, the concept has too many facets to allow a practical enquiry. Length of hospital stay is often chosen when rapidity of response to the pre-morbid state is the study's principal focus. Eligibility for Medicare, staffing ratios, and falls risk are not outcomes: they are, according to Donabedian's framework, structures of care
Answer to Question 2
B
Physical therapist assisting a patient to walk in the parallel bars.
Position of patient following seizure
The patient is placed between the X-ray tube, which emits a cone-shaped X-ray beam, and the film or ...
Cyanosis as shown here at the patient’s fingertips results from a lack of oxygen in the tissues
How our participation in social groups shapes our self-concept is a focus of symbolic ...
Muscle weakness caused by myasthenia gravis is evident in the eyes of this patient.