What is an underlying notion that supports the 12-step program of ...

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What is an underlying notion that supports the 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous?
 
  a. spiritual ideas about recovery
  b. psychological theories of defense mechanisms
  c. biological evidence of changes accompanying abstinence
  d. scientific evidence of cognitive changes accompanying abstinence

Question 2

Rebecca is trying to recover from alcoholism. Her therapist is attempting to help her reduce the abstinence violation effect. This is a problem for Rebecca because as soon as she has even a small drink, she thinks,
 
  a. I am a worthless person.
  b. I can recover on my own; I don't need help.
  c. I'm only doing something wrong if it's illegal.
  d. I've messed up; I may as well go ahead and get drunk.

[memslove]

Answer to Question 1

Answer: a.

Answer to Question 2

Answer: d.