Answer to Question 1
In order to establish causality, three conditions must be present. First, if A is the causal variable under question, then A the cause and B the effect variables must be correlated. Second, A must precede B in time. Third, other potential causal variables, C, must be ruled out.
Answer to Question 2
Different types of research designs each can contribute different things to our understanding of causal relationships. A type of study called a cross-sectional design observes several cohorts (groups with similar defining characteristics) by taking a snapshot of them at a given point in time whereas longitudinal designs track cohorts over time taking multiple snapshots.
A single crossover inserts F at a specific locus, which then determines the order of gene transfer
The term wasp is typically defined as any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that
Men Present for Service during the Civil War
The perception of motion under four different conditions.
First-order sensory neuron with free nerve endings
Higher-Order Conditioning