Answer to Question 1
In order to establish causality, three conditions must be present. First, if A is the causal variable under question, then A the cause and B the effect variables must be correlated. Second, A must precede B in time. Third, other potential causal variables, C, must be ruled out.
Answer to Question 2
Different types of research designs each can contribute different things to our understanding of causal relationships. A type of study called a cross-sectional design observes several cohorts (groups with similar defining characteristics) by taking a snapshot of them at a given point in time whereas longitudinal designs track cohorts over time taking multiple snapshots.
Evolution of the Sun's luminosity, radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun
Various types of integumentary conditions.(A) Urticaria (hives).
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How to choose the right payment plan with changing conditions (Question 5)
Here, in alphabetical order, are 20 foods and 4 cultures.
Opener Chiasmata present between synapsed homologs during the first meiotic prophase