Answer to Question 1
In order to establish causality, three conditions must be present. First, if A is the causal variable under question, then A the cause and B the effect variables must be correlated. Second, A must precede B in time. Third, other potential causal variables, C, must be ruled out.
Answer to Question 2
Different types of research designs each can contribute different things to our understanding of causal relationships. A type of study called a cross-sectional design observes several cohorts (groups with similar defining characteristics) by taking a snapshot of them at a given point in time whereas longitudinal designs track cohorts over time taking multiple snapshots.
A single crossover inserts F at a specific locus, which then determines the order of gene transfer
An example of an EHR screen used to order a laboratory test.
Notice that there are conditions when the port fuel-injector, located in the intake manifold, and ...
Client files are kept in alphabetical order in locked file cabinets.
How to calculate present value (Question 2)
How to evaluate the second order determinant