Answer to Question 1
In order to establish causality, three conditions must be present. First, if A is the causal variable under question, then A the cause and B the effect variables must be correlated. Second, A must precede B in time. Third, other potential causal variables, C, must be ruled out.
Answer to Question 2
Different types of research designs each can contribute different things to our understanding of causal relationships. A type of study called a cross-sectional design observes several cohorts (groups with similar defining characteristics) by taking a snapshot of them at a given point in time whereas longitudinal designs track cohorts over time taking multiple snapshots.
The black-capped chickadee is a permanent resident in biomes with harsh winter conditions.
A speculum used to hold the vagina open in order to visualize the cervix.
Examples of Emergency Conditions
Most drugs exhibit first-order elimination, in which the rate of drug elimination is equivalent to ...
For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately
The order of gene transfer in four Hfr strains