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It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
The first-known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used in Egypt in 2000 BC. Condoms were also reportedly used, made of animal bladders or intestines.
Though newer “smart” infusion pumps are increasingly becoming more sophisticated, they cannot prevent all programming and administration errors. Health care professionals that use smart infusion pumps must still practice the rights of medication administration and have other professionals double-check all high-risk infusions.
In the United States, congenital cytomegalovirus causes one child to become disabled almost every hour. CMV is the leading preventable viral cause of development disability in newborns. These disabilities include hearing or vision loss, and cerebral palsy.
Over time, chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections can progress to advanced liver disease, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Unlike other forms, more than 80% of hepatitis C infections become chronic and lead to liver disease. When combined with hepatitis B, hepatitis C now accounts for 75% percent of all cases of liver disease around the world. Liver failure caused by hepatitis C is now leading cause of liver transplants in the United States.
![The heavily worn, and sometimes cutmarked, anterior teeth of Neadertals suggest that these teeth wer](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_273287_22_02_15_10_32_16_2081617.jpeg)
![Apply skin rolling by lifting the skin and crawling your fingers along the skin while the thumbs ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/32/medium_380798_22_08_17_12_32_34_328392419.jpeg)
![Compression using reinforced palm. The heel of the top hand is placed to avoid putting pressure on ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/32/medium_380798_23_08_17_12_08_28_32991968.jpeg)