Research has shown a positive correlation between the amount of time children spend watching television and their levels of aggression. It is possible that the actual cause of this relationship involves harsh parents who act aggressively toward children (teaching them to be aggressive) and whose violence leads children to avoid them at all costs (including by watching television). This example illustrates the issue of
a. the third variable.
b. a reversed cause-effect relationship.
c. time of measurement effects.
d. plasticity.
Question 2
Smoking cigarettes and having lung cancer are highly correlated events, and people often logically conclude that smoking must cause the cancer. It is hypothetically possible, however, that having lung cancer causes one to crave nicotine and thus it leads to smoking. This example illustrates the issue of
a. the third variable.
b. a reversed cause-effect relationship.
c. time of measurement effects.
d. plasticity.
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