Explain how a researcher makes causal ...

[ahriuashd]

Explain how a researcher makes causal inferences.

Question 2

_______________ involves correlating two different measurements of the same marketing phenomenon administered at the same point in time.
 a. Split half reliability c. Pragmatic judgment
  b. Concurrent validity d. Convergent validity

[catron30]

Answer to Question 1

A causal inference can only be supported when very specific causal evidence exists. Three critical pieces of causal evidence are:

(1) Temporal sequence - deals with the time order of events. The cause must occur before the effect.
(2) Concomitant variation - occurs when two events covary, meaning they vary systematically. This means that when a change in the cause occurs, a change in the outcome also is observed.
(3) Nonspurious association - means that any covariation between a cause and an effect is true and not simply due to some other variable.

Answer to Question 2

B
Concurrent validity evaluates a measure by comparing it to another measure of a phenomenon, with both measures taken at the same time. It is excellent for validating a new measurement instrument with another that has already been established.