Author Question: Causation is established when a. two variables are correlated. b. there is no spurious ... (Read 86 times)

NClaborn · **on:** Jul 1, 2018

Causation is established when

a. two variables are correlated.
b. there is no spurious correlation.
c. any contaminating factors between variables have been accounted for.
d. a change in the independent variable must occur before a change in the dependent variable occurs.
e. a relationship exists between two variables.

Question 2

How are research findings related to theory?

a. findings will either provide support or suggest the need for alterations to existing theory
b. research findings are compared with prior research, but not to theory
c. there is no relationship between research findings and theory
d. only when causation is established do findings have any impact on theory
e. research findings always result in changes to existing theory