Answer to Question 1
The two types of sleep apnea are obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea:
Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by occlusion of a structure such as the posterior anterior wall of the brain, which causes individuals to stop breathing during deep sleep. This form of apnea may be life threatening, because it can cause a dangerous level of cardiac stress. Obstructive sleep apnea may also result in sleep deprivation, as the person is unable to get a full and restorative night's sleep.
Central sleep apnea may explain the reason why some people die in their sleep. In experiments on rats, cell damage within the brainstem (pre-Botzinger-complex neurons) resulting from neurodegenerative diseases, causes rats to stop breathing entirely during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
Answer to Question 2
Dysarthria is a speech disorder that is caused by paralysis, muscular weakness, and dyscoordination of the speech muscles.
Flaccid dysarthria is characterized by muscular weakness and hypotonia (low muscle tone).
Spastic dysarthria (depending on the area of damage) results in paralysis, muscular weakness, and inability to inhibit reflexes (hyperreflexia). In some cases, the client has increased muscle tone (hypertonia).
Ataxic dysarthria is characterized by loss of coordination, distorted speech, and erratic articulation.
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is distinguished by the involuntary movement of speech muscles.
Hypokinetic dysarthria is characterized by lack of movement, rushed speech, rapid speech, and reduced vocal intensity.
Norepinephrine and the Sleep–Waking Cycle
Orexin and the Sleep–Waking Cycle
16.23 Slow-Wave Sleep Deprivation
Various types of fractures.
Blood types and results of donor and recipient combinations.
Summary of T-Cell Types