Author Question: A payment of 350 was received from a charge customer and recorded and posted as 305 . The necessary ... (Read 110 times)

Mr3Hunna · **on:** Jul 6, 2018

A payment of 350 was received from a charge customer and recorded and posted as 305 . The necessary correcting entry is
a. debit Cash, 45; credit Income from Services, 45.
b. debit Cash, 45; credit Accounts Receivable, 45.
c. debit Accounts Receivable, 45; credit Cash, 45.
d. debit Cash, 45; credit Accounts Payable, 45.
e. credit Cash 45; debit Accounts Receivable, 45.

Question 2

Operating income effects of denominator-level choice and disposal of
production-volume variance

Required:
1. If PLF sells all 300,000 bulbs produced, what would be the effect on operating income of using each type of capacity as a basis for calculating manufacturing cost per unit?
2. Compare the results of operating income at different capacity levels when 225,000 bulbs are sold and when 300,000 bulbs are sold. What conclusion can you draw from the comparison?
3. Using the original data (that is, 300,000 units produced and 225,000 units sold) if PLF had used the proration approach to allocate the production-volume variance, what would operating income have been under each level of capacity? (Assume that there is no ending work in process.)

mathjasmine · **Reply #1 on:** Jul 6, 2018

Answer to Question 1

b

Answer to Question 2

1. Because no beginning inventories exist, if PLF sells all 300,000 bulbs manufactured, its operating income will be the same under all four capacity options. Calculations are provided below:

Theoretical Practical Normal Master Budget
Revenue a 2,940,000 2,940,000 2,940,000 2,940,000
Less: Cost of goods sold b 1,110,000 1,395,000 2,070,000 2,280,000
Less: Production volume variance 780,000 U 495,000 U (180,000) F (390,000) F
Gross margin 1,050,000 1,050,000 1,050,000 1,050,000
Variable selling c 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000
Fixed selling 220,000 220,000 220,000 220,000
Operating income 770,000 770,000 770,000 770,000

a300,000 9.80
b300,000 3.70, 4.65, 6.90, 7.60
c300,000 0.20

2. If the manager of PLF produces and sells 300,000 bulbs, then all capacity levels will result in the same operating income of 770,000 (see requirement 1 above). If the manager of PLF is able to sell only 225,000 of the bulbs produced and if the production-volume variance is closed to cost of goods sold, then the operating income is given as in requirement 3 of 9-36. Both sets of numbers are reproduced below.

Theoretical Practical Normal Master Budget
Income with sales of 300,000 bulbs 770,000 770,000 770,000 770,000
Income with sales of 225,000 bulbs 327,500 398,750 567,500 620,000
Decrease in income when
there is over-production 442,500 371,250 202,500 150,000

Comparing these results, it is clear that for a given level of overproduction relative to sales, the manager's performance will appear better if he/she uses as the denominator a level that is lower. In this example, setting the denominator to equal the master budget (the lowest of the four capacity levels here), minimizes the loss to the manager from being unable to sell the entire production quantity of 300,000 bulbs.

3. In this scenario, the manager of PLF produces 300,000 bulbs and sells 225,000 of them, and the production volume variance is prorated. Given the absence of ending work in process inventory or beginning inventory of any kind, the fraction of the production volume variance that is absorbed into the cost of goods sold is given by 225,000/300,000 or 75. The operating income under various denominator levels is then given by the following modification of the solution to requirement 3 of 9-36:

Theoretical Practical Normal Master Budget
Revenue 2,205,000 2,205,000 2,205,000 2,205,000
Less: Cost of goods sold 832,500 1,046,250 1,552,500 1,710,000
Less: Prorated production-volume variance a 585,000 U 371,250 U (135,000) F (292,500) F
Gross margin 787,500 787,500 787,500 787,500
Variable selling b 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000
Fixed selling 220,000 220,000 220,000 220,000
Operating income 522,500 522,500 522,500 522,500

a (7/10) 665,000, 390,000, 140,000, (435,000)
b225,000 0.20

Under the proration approach, operating income is 522,500 regardless of the denominator initially used. Thus, in contrast to the case where the production volume variance is written off to cost of goods sold, there is no temptation under the proration approach for the manager to play games with the choice of denominator level.