Answer to Question 1
Collectivist cultures see people as deeply embedded in social situations. As a result, collectivists are more likely to seek to preserve relationships and promote the good of the group as a whole than individualists. To preserve peaceful relationships, collectivists will avoid direct expression of conflicts, preferring to use more indirect methods for resolving differences of opinion. Compromising and avoiding are the most preferred methods of conflict management in China. Smoothing, or playing down differences while emphasizing common interests between the conflicting parties, is also a good technique to maintain relationships. Collectivists such as the Chinese may also be more interested in demonstrations of concern and working through third parties to resolve disputes.
Answer to Question 2
C
Explanation: C) Researchers have developed the ethical climate theory and the ethical climate index to categorize and measure the ethical dimensions of organizational cultures. Of the nine identified climate categories, five are found to be most prevalent in organizations: instrumental, caring, independence, law and code, and rules. Each explains the general mindset, expectations, and values of the managers and employees in relationship to their organization.
