Answer to Question 1
Based on the work of Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran, two of the best-known proponents of quality improvement, the FOCUS-PDCA model is based on a management philosophy that guides a constant striving to improve optimization of work processes. It assumes that most of the difficult problems that affect financial performance and quality are so complex that they need an organization-wide management system to find solutions. Because of this, these approaches are embedded in a whole way of thinking about the organization. The FOCUS-PDCA approach is interested in identifying and eliminating the sources of variation in a work process. The assumption is that variation increases costs and decreases quality. By isolating the sources of variation that are due to chance, which cannot be controlled, from those that are due to changes in the process, which are controllable, the team will first change what can be controlled.
Answer to Question 2
TRUE
Bottom-up control versus top-down control.
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Theodore Brookhart and Egmont C. Arens, "Streamliner" Meat Slicer, Model 410.
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