Author Question: One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that a. X always ... (Read 349 times)

nummyann · **on:** Jun 20, 2018

One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that

a. X always precedes Y in time.
b. Y, always precedes X in time.
c. X may occur either before Y or after Y.
d. It is impossible to say what the time relationship between X and Y is.

Question 2

Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the example below. The experimental group had a higher learning/growth rate than the control group even before the experiment began.

a. Instrumentation
b. Experimental mortality
c. Selection-maturation interaction
d. Statistical regression
e. Diffusion