One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can ...

[nummyann]

One can rule out the possibility of reverse causality if one can establish that
 
  a. X always precedes Y in time.
  b. Y, always precedes X in time.
  c. X may occur either before Y or after Y.
  d. It is impossible to say what the time relationship between X and Y is.

Question 2

Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the example below. The experimental group had a higher learning/growth rate than the control group even before the experiment began.
 
  a. Instrumentation
  b. Experimental mortality
  c. Selection-maturation interaction
  d. Statistical regression
  e. Diffusion

[Koolkid240]

Answer to Question 1

A

Answer to Question 2

C

[nummyann]

Gracias!

[yeungji]

TYSM