Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
There are contradictory findings concerning gender differences in the use of influence tactics; some studies find no differences between men and women, whereas others find that the only difference is that women are less assertive with their superiors and more likely to appeal to altruism and rationale-based strategies than threats of punishment with their subordinates. The longitudinal study of AT&T employees revealed the following gender differences with regard to power. Women are more consensus-oriented than men, which has been confirmed in many other studies. Women and men view and utilize power in different ways. Women see it as a resource that can be used to influence outcomes on the job and to focus the competencies of the people who work for them. Men in the study, by contrast, tended
to think of power more as an end in itself, as something they can use to react against or take power away from others in authority. Men saw power as a way to supersede others in power, women rarely did. Recent interviews in an on-going study found that both male and female high-tech managers in the Silicon Valley viewed power as something to be used sparingly and only as a last resort.
The endosymbiosis theory
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The Nebular Theory
Theory of Plate Tectonics
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