Answer to Question 1
ANS: A, C, D
The one-group pretest-posttest design is one of the more commonly used quasi-experimental designs. However, it has such serious weaknesses that findings are often uninterpretable. Pretest scores cannot adequately serve the same function as a comparison group. Events can occur between the pretest and posttest that alter responses to the posttest. The original, or classic, experimental design, or pretest-posttest control group design, is still the most commonly used experimental design. There are two randomized groups, one receiving the experimental treatment and one receiving no treatment, a placebo treatment, or the routine or standard care. By comparing pretest scores and the groups' demographic characteristics, one can evaluate the effectiveness of randomization in providing equivalent groups. The researcher implements the treatment or independent variable under very controlled conditions. The dependent variable is measured twice, before and after the manipulation of the independent variable.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A
Methodological designs are used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments to measure constructs used as variables in research. The process is lengthy and complex and should begin with a thorough literature review. Qualitative data is often collected when there is not much known about a construct and will allow the researcher to identify key factors/concepts associated with the construct which might be used to create a checklist.
Validity refers to a tool's ability to measure what the researcher intends it to measure.