Answer to Question 1
Answer: 4
Explanation: 4. Theories about the cause of disease and ill health have evolved over time. The first recognized attempt to attribute a cause to illness occurred during the religious era. During this period, disease was thought to be caused directly or indirectly by divine intervention, possibly as punishment for sins or as a trial of faith. During Hippocrates' time, the primary belief of disease was from harmful substances in the environment. Before the religious era, disease was often attributed to physical forces such as miasmas or mists. The belief that disease was caused by a specific organism was introduced in the late 1870s with the bacteriologic era.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: 3
Explanation: 3. Growing evidence indicates a shift to greater emphasis on health promotion and illness prevention in national and international health policy. Evidence of this shift is the 1988 creation of the Center for Nursing Research within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). One reason given in Senate testimony favoring the center was the health promotion and illness prevention focus in much of nursing research. Medication compliance, reduction in sentinel events, and elimination of hospital-acquired infections might be topics for future nursing research; however, these topics do not explain the type of research being conducted within the Center for Nursing research.
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