Political parties emerged: a. early in the sixteenth century ...

[vinney12]

Political parties emerged:
 
  a. early in the sixteenth century as a way to counterbalance the authority of the church.
  b. early in the seventeenth century when new colonial governments were seeking greater autonomy.
  c. early in the eighteenth century in the struggle against absolute monarchs.
  d. early in the nineteenth century with the rise of democratic governments.

Question 2

The class-based and urban and rural divisions embedded in
 
  the European party system emerged as a consequence of changes in society that occurred as a result of:
  a. the disruptive influence of World Wars I and II.
  b. the rise of industrial capitalism.
  c. conflicts between state and church leaders.
  d. rivalries between local and national officials.

[xMRAZ]

Answer to Question 1

Answer: d

Answer to Question 2

Answer: b

[vinney12]

TYSM

[kusterl]

Excellent