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An identified risk factor for osteoporosis is the intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A. Dietary intake of approximately double the recommended daily amount of vitamin A, by women, has been shown to reduce bone mineral density and increase the chances for hip fractures compared with women who consumed the recommended daily amount (or less) of vitamin A.
Increased intake of vitamin D has been shown to reduce fractures up to 25% in older people.
On average, the stomach produces 2 L of hydrochloric acid per day.
When blood is exposed to air, it clots. Heparin allows the blood to come in direct contact with air without clotting.
Intradermal injections are somewhat difficult to correctly administer because the skin layers are so thin that it is easy to accidentally punch through to the deeper subcutaneous layer.