Answer to Question 1
When second-language learners come to school, they are typically competent users of their native language, and this competence is a strength to be exploited by sensitive teachers.
Teachers must build on their students' linguistic, cultural, and cognitive funds of knowledge. Teachers must exhibit respect for students' knowledge, their identities, and their heritages.
Answer to Question 2
Teachers explicitly teach about the qualities of good writing, the recursive nature of the writing process (prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing) and how to use this process themselves, and the mechanical skills of writing (e.g., capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and spelling). Teachers can teach these same lessons, one-on-one, during teacherstudent conferences and in focus lessons. They can reinforce these lessons through the group share at the end of writing time.
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