Answer to Question 1
(1) Identify the existence of a problem, (2) Define the problem, (3) Represent and organize information about a problem, (4) Create or select a strategy for problem solving, (5) Allocate resources for problem solving, (6) Monitor problem solving, (7) Evaluate the solution to a problem.
Answer to Question 2
Rule 1: Present the examples in order from easiest to most difficult. Highly typical exemplars are likely to be the easiest for students to understand. A science teacher presenting examples of stars discusses the North Star before mentioning that our sun is also a star.
Rule 2: Select examples that are different from one another. The science teacher presenting the stars includes examples of both new and old stars.
Rule 3: Compare and contrast examples and nonexamples. Examples of objects in space that are not stars include planets, our moon, and meteors.