Answer to Question 1
Figures 1--2 and 1--3 compared the workflow of offices using paper and electronic charts in 12 steps. Students should identify most of the differences.
Any acceptable comparison of those figures should suffice. Here is a summary of key differences:
Both workflows started with the patient calling for an appointment .
Astute students may point out that an alternative for some EHR offices is to allow scheduling over the Web; extra points for those students.
Paper: The night before the visit paper charts are pulled.
EHR: Pulling charts is not necessary; however, some EH R systems can automatically verify the patient's insurance eligibility.
Paper: The patient updates his or her history on a paper form.
EHR: The patient completes his or her medical history and reason for today's visit using a computer in a private area of waiting room.
Paper: The patient describes symptoms and reason for the visit to the nurse; vital signs are recorded in the paper chart by the nurse. The doctor enters and the patient repeats description of symptoms and reason for the visit.
EHR: The nurse reviews patient--entered data with the patient and edits for clarification if necessary. Vital signs can be transferred electronically from instruments into chart.
The clinician performs the physical exam and makes a clinical assessment and a plan of treatment.
Paper: The clinician makes a few notes and retains the observations and physical exam in his or her memory.
EHR: The clinician records the findings at the time of the exam or shortly thereafter; has access to previous problems and reviews those; makes the clinical assessment and plan of treatment. Paper: The clinician handwrites prescriptions and orders, makes a note of them in the paper chart, and marks billing codes and diagnoses codes on the paper encounter form. The clinician creates the exam note from memory, either handwriting in the chart or dictating.
EHR: The clinician enters the findings directly into the EHR while the patient is still present. Orders create tasks for lab personnel to obtain a specimen, which is subsequently transmitted directly to the lab.
Prescriptions are written as part of the chart and transmitted to the pharmacy.
Paper: Dictated notes must be transcribed and subsequently reviewed and signed by the clinician and then filed in the paper chart.
EHR: When the exam is finished , the note is finished. A copy of the completed note can be printed and given to the patient with other patient education materials.
Patient checks out.
Paper: Billing information is manually keyed into the computer from the encounter form. The codes circled by the clinician are only a best guess and may require a coding specialist to verify them.
EHR: The billing codes can be automatically calculated from the completed note and electronically transferred from the EHR into the billing system.
Paper: Results from tests are returned and the chart is pulled again.
The doctor must review and sign the results, staff must notify the patient, and the chart must be refiled.
EHR: Results received electronically are merged directly into the patient chart and immediate ly available for clinician review and patient notification.
Answer to Question 2
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