Answer to Question 1
In scientific research, description begins with more systematic attention to specific details. In everyday observation, we don't have a detail plan about observing behavior, so our descriptions may be idiosyncratic and incomplete.
Scientific predictions are generally made for carefully defined and specified circumstances; casual predictions are much more vague.
Explanations in science involve careful description of the phenomena under consideration and when they will and will not occur, and the reasons the behavior does or does not occur; casual explanations typically only involve when a behavior will occur and are usually rely on loose criteria for support.
In science, the adequacy of description, prediction, and explanation that leads to control of behavior is tested in carefully controlled circumstances, often in laboratories where extraneous factors might affect the behavior in question. In everyday applications of control, the situation is likely to be so complex that it isn't possible to identify a single cause of behavior, so we don't know exactly how to control it.
Answer to Question 2
D
Mendel's Explanation of Inheritance
Jean Piaget influenced the field of developmental science more than any other individual.
Control of urination.
Internal and External Loci of Control
Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Control of flower formation, as revealed by mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana.