Which one of the following teachers is most appropriately involving students in the grading process?
a. Mr. Arnold meets individually with each student to develop contingency contracts that specify the instructional goals and objectives the student needs to achieve.
b. Ms. Bestani asks students to submit written self-evaluations, and students' self-assigned grades count for about 25 of their overall grades.
c. Ms. Chernyshov always describes the criteria she will be using to evaluate assignments, and every two weeks she distributes numerical progress reports to show students the grades they've earned so far.
d. After class discussions, cooperative learning activities, and other fairly public demonstrations of achievement, Mr. DeJong has students rate one another's performance. Such ratings are used to determine grades in borderline cases.
Question 2
Which one of the following teachers is using a norm-referenced grading system?
a. In Ms. Albrecht's class, students who have completely mastered the material and can also apply it get an A. Students who have thoroughly mastered the material but cannot apply it get a B. Students who have mastered only the basics of the topic get a C. Students who have learned little about the topic get a D or F.
b. In Mr. Buchanan's class, the ten students with the highest accumulation of points receive an A, the next ten receive a B, and so on.
c. In Ms. Chan's class, students who get an average of at least 90 correct on tests and assignments get an A. Those with an average of 80 to 89 get a B, those between 70 and 79 get a C, and so on.
d. In Mr. Davenport's class, students who have achieved all of his instructional objectives get a grade of Pass; students who have not achieved all objectives get a grade of In progress.