Answer to Question 1
Disadvantages:
European colonization produced or perpetuated many negative attributes of underdevelopment. These included the marginalization of subsistence farmers, notably those who colonial authorities, intent on cash crop production, displaced from quality soils to inferior land. In addition, European use of indigenous labor to build railways and roads often took a high toll in human lives and disrupted countless families. Furthermore, the colonizers often corrupted traditional systems of political organization to suit their needs, sowing seeds of dissent and interethnic conflict.
Advantages:
The colonies, and the independent nations that succeeded them, were the beneficiaries of new cities and the transport links, built with cheap (or forced) African labor; new medical and educational facilities (often developed through Christian missions); new crops and better agricultural techniques; employment and income provided by new mines and modern industries; new governmental institutions; and government-made maps useful for administration and planning.
Answer to Question 2
Sea of Japan (East Sea)
East China Sea
South China Sea
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Earth as viewed from Lunar orbit during the Apollo 8 mission, Christmas Eve, 1968. Africa is at the
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Modern-day dust cloud blowing from Africa’s Sahara