Answer to Question 1
Glaciers accumulate ice through snowfall on the glacier surface in the accumulation zone (the area at elevations above the summer snow melt). As the snow accumulates it is converted into ice through the process described in answer to question 6 above. Glaciers, therefore, accumulate new ice at the surface, on top of the old ice. Sea ice grows by freezing sea water below the ice pack. Unlike glaciers, therefore, sea ice grows in thickness by accumulating ice at its base. The newer ice is on the bottom and the older ice is on the top of the ice pack.
Answer to Question 2
The ice cover modifies the atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and circulation patterns, and thus climate. The two primary methods are through ice production in the North Atlantic and around Antarctica that contributes to the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, which is a major factor in driving the oceanic thermohaline circulation. The second major influence of the sea ice cover is through its effect on the energy balance and temperatures through the
icealbedo feedback and because of its impact on ocean-atmosphere heat exchange.
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