Answer to Question 1
A temporary disturbance of a system is called perturbation, while a more persistent disturbance of a system is called a forcing.
Answer to Question 2
The equilibrium states of a system can be represented as peaks (unstable) and valleys (stable). On disturbance, the system returns to stable equilibrium states but moves away from unstable equilibrium states. A system with a single feedback loop has a stable equilibrium state if the feedback loop is negative and an unstable equilibrium if the feedback loop is positive.
Hemodialysis. The process of hemodialysis replaces the kidney function of blood filtration by forcin
Cultures Ideal Body Types
The Number of Children Americans Think Are Ideal
Radiative forcing expresses change in energy input over time
Total radiative forcing ~1.63 Wm-2
For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately